Individuals who drink more than six cups of coffee per day have a reduced risk for developing symptomatic gallstone disease (GSD), according to a study published online in the Journal of Internal Medicine.

A.T. Nordestgaard, from Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen, Denmark, and colleagues examined the correlation between high coffee intake and GSD in 104,493 individuals from the general population during a mean follow-up of eight years. In addition, the researchers examined the correlation of two genetic variants near CYP1A1/A2 and AHR, combined as an allele score, with higher coffee intake. The correlation between allele score and risk for GSD was examined in 114,220 individuals with 7,294 gallstone events during a mean follow-up of 38 years.

The researchers found that compared with those without coffee intake, those with coffee intake of more than six cups/day had a reduced risk for GSD (hazard ratio, 0.77). In genetic analysis, individuals with the highest (four) versus the lowest (zero) coffee intake alleles had a stepwise higher coffee intake of up to 41 percent and a corresponding stepwise lower risk for GSD (hazard ratio, 0.81). For a coffee intake of one cup more per day, the estimated observational odds ratio was 0.97. The corresponding genetic odds ratio was 0.89.

"These results suggest that high coffee intake is likely to causally protect against symptomatic GSD," the authors write.

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